The Scientific Revolution Copernicus and Galileo Essay

The Scientific Revolution: Copernicus and Galileo The scientific revolution brought on new and important change. People began to see things extremely differently. Up to this point religion had been an issue of pure faith. A person could not use any empirically based data or reason to justify or develop ideas on religion. People who contradicted the church were considered heretics and were punished. At this time, people believed in the universe that Ptolemy had theorized: that the earth was the center and everything revolved around it. The church did not approve of this theory or any other opposing opinions because it was not an advocate of change. With the new ideas of Copernicus and Galileo, a merging of faith and reason slowly†¦show more content†¦He was a strong Catholic Italian who was practicing physics, mathematics, and astronomy. Galileo started off for a religious career but soon became interested in mathematics. Galileo is known for many things other than supporting the Copernican Hypothesis. For one, he develo ped a better scientific method and he began basing evidence not only on theory but on empirical data. He began actually performing the experiments rather than merely theorizing. He was a good mathematician and scientist and made sure that his theories fit the evidence exactly. For several reasons, he believed that the Copernican theory was more credible than the Ptolemaic one. He was much stronger in his opinions than Copernicus and stated them to the public. He published his ideas in the widely read book, Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, in 1632. The church tried him of heresy because they believed this went against the church and the scriptures. The Church told him that he had to recant all of his ideas if he wanted to avoid punishment. In the beginning, he held true to his convictions and fought the point that he was not acting in a heretical manner because he was not going against scripture. Galileo said that the Bible had not stated anything regarding science and that the sole purpose of the scriptures was salvation. In a letter he wrote to the Grand Duchess Christina, he said that: since the Holy Ghost did notShow MoreRelatedThe Revolutions Of The Celestial Orbs By Nicolaus Copernicus And Two New Sciences1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe texts The Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs by Nicolaus Copernicus and Two New Sciences by Galileo demonstrates a powerful illustration of heliocentric hypothesis. In each book, astronomer Nicolas Copernicus and Scientist Galileo Galilei describes their theory and assumption about the motion and shapes of the planets and objects based on their understandings and advocating earlier scientist’s thoughts. Nicolas Copernicus describes â€Å"Sun† as the center of the universe, which is spherical in shapeRead MoreThe Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scientific Revolution is said to have begun when Nicholas Copernicus released his book, The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, in 1543. He released this book right before he died because he knew that he would be accused of heresy. The church, at this time, believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Because he was trying to say that the church was wrong, he knew that he could not release his book. He waited until right before his death to release his book. The timing of the releaseRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1263 Words   |  6 Pagesadvances. The Scientific Revolution began with a spark of inspiration that spread a wild fire of ideas through Europe and America. The new radical ideas affected everything that had been established and proven through religious views. 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It was also Copernicus theory that directly led to the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo and Newton. It couldRead MoreEssay about Human Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution1689 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution, perhaps one of the most significant examples of human beingsà ­ relationship with the natural world, changed the way seventeenth and eighteenth century society operated. The power of human knowledge has enabled intellectual, economical, and social advances seen in the modern world. The Scientific Revolution which included the development of scientific attitudes and skepticism of old views on nature and humanityRead More The Scientific Revolution Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pages During the Scientific Revolution scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, Descartes and Bacon wrestled with questions about God, human aptitude, and the possibilities of understanding the world. Eventually, the implications of the new scientific findings began to affect the way people thought and behaved throughout Europe. Society began to question the authority of traditional knowledge about the universe. This in turn, allowed them to question traditional views of the state and social order. NoRead More The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment In the 17th Century, there was much controversy between religion and science. The church supported a single worldview that God’s creation was the center of the universe. The kings and rulers were set in their ways to set the people’s minds to believe this and to never question it. From these ideas, the Enlightenment was bred from the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and teachings of theRead MoreThe Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 16th century Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a book called On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies. During the writing of the book, Nicolaus Copernicus was trying to prove that the Geocentric Theory was wrong. The book talks about how the planetary movements work and it also has many mathematical equations he used to solve the Heliocentric Theory, which would help other scientists continue his studies. A few years later, in the 17th century another scientist named Galileo wrote another book called

Organic Derivatives Of Water And Carbon Dioxide - 1603 Words

Background Information Alcohols are a class of organic compounds characterised by one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon chain. They can be considered as organic derivatives of water and in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by an alkyl group. Alcohols are a common form of organic compound and most are colourless liquids or solids at room temperature (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2015). Combustion is the process of burning fuels or in this case alcohol. It is the chemical process in which the substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel and the source of oxygen is the oxidiser (Grc.nasa.gov, 2015)). Here the alcohol is the fuel and the oxidiser is air that passes through. During combustion any hydrocarbon source and oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water and energy. During this process the hydrocarbon oxidises into water and carbon dioxide (Bbc.co.uk, 2015). The temperature of this substance is quite high because of the heat transferred to exhaust during combustion. The combustion process can be controlled or stopped by controlling the amount of fuel available, the amount of oxygen available and the source of heat (Grc.nasa.gov, 2015). However, because plenty of air is needed for combustion, an insufficient amount of air will result in incomplete or partial combustion. Hydrogen is still oxidised into water but carbo n monoxide forms instead of carbon dioxide in the form of solidShow MoreRelatedOrganometallic Reactions : Identification Of An Unknown Bromide1317 Words   |  6 Pagesreagent, reacting an unknown aryl bromide with magnesium in anhydrous ether. The unknown was chosen from a predetermined list of benzoic acid derivatives with varying molecular weights and melting points (see Supplement C). 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Abstract: The identification and characterization of unknowns are an important part of organic chemistry. It is fundamental to know experimental methods to deductively identify compounds (1) . The determination of unknown #6 (2-butanol) was identified by a series of test; first taking the boiling point (94-96 C), performing a solubility test

An Investigation into using Artificial Intelligence in Education Free Essays

Over the past decennary, educational establishments have progressively offered online, web-based classs. While there has been a great trade of research comparing the effectivity of online and traditional classs ( Young, 2006 ) , there has been less research on how to utilize instructional design schemes to increase pupil battle, pupil satisfaction, and accomplishment in online classs ( Gunter, 2007 ) . Research has shown that instructional immediateness can increase knowledge and pupil success ( LaRose A ; Whitten, 2000 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on An Investigation into using Artificial Intelligence in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Educators learning online have turned to assorted engineerings to better student-to-instructor interactions. Personal response systems, teleconferencing tools, and computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( CSCL ) environments have been used ( Soh, Khandaker, A ; Jiang, 2008 ) . Educators have used confabs Sessionss to ease communicating, every bit good. However, pupils frequently are required to run into in a confab room or teleconferencing during preset times. While holding synchronal meetings does better student-to-instructor interaction, these systems are mostly inactive ( Soh et al, 2008 ) . Artificial intelligence is a engineering that can supply immediate responses to user inquiries and it can accommodate to single users demands. This paper will discourse what unreal intelligence is and how unreal intelligence has been used. It is hypothesized that the usage of unreal intelligence in online classs will increase pupil success and battle. Artificial intelligence can be defined as the scientific discipline and technology of making intelligent machines, computing machine plans in peculiar ( McCarthy, 2007 ) . There are multiple subdivisions of unreal intelligence or AI, as it will be referred to for the balance of this paper. Logical AI refers to what a plan knows about the universe in general and the facts of a peculiar state of affairs in which it must move. Goals are represented by mathematical logical linguistic communication and the AI Acts of the Apostless by infering which actions are appropriate for accomplishing its ends ( McCarthy ) . Search AI plans study big Numberss of possibilities. A cheat playing computing machine is an illustration of a hunt AI plan. There are pattern acknowledgment AI plans. These types of AI plans are programmed to compare what it sees with a form. There are AI plans that can be after or larn from experience ( McCarthy ) . These illustrations of assorted AI plan types are non thorough . AI plans have been designed for multiple educational intents. I-MINDS is an AI plan that has been created to assist teachers with schoolroom direction and to increase pupil coaction. The theoretical model of the I-MINDS intelligent computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( CSCL ) environment was based on three cardinal rules. In the first rule, the writers proposed constructing a CSCL system that was â€Å" antiphonal, flexible, distributed, and adaptative to single pupil behaviours † ( Khandaker et al. , 2008, p. 3 ) . In the 2nd rule, the writers desired to construct a CSCL â€Å" that is able to germinate over clip in footings of its pedagogical cognition, pupil and even group mold, and public presentation in determination support † ( Khandaker et al. , 2008, p. 3 ) . In the 3rd rule, the writers proposed constructing a CSCL system â€Å" is able to organize effectual pupil larning groups on its ain † ( Khandaker et al. , 2008, p. 3 ) . The writers studied the impact of I-MINDS on structured concerted acquisition. A two-semester survey was launched at the University of Nebraska during the Spring and Fall semesters of 2005. I-MINDS was deployed and evaluated in an introductory computing machine scientific discipline class. The survey utilized a control subdivision where a group of pupils did non utilize I-MINDS. The writers ‘ consequences show â€Å" that I-MINDS can back up concerted larning efficaciously in the topographic point of face-to-face coaction among pupils in hebdomadal research lab Sessionss † ( Khandaker et al. , 2008, p. 28 ) . The consequences besides show that modular extension to the system is supported. Finally, I-MINDS collected informations that provided critical information on pupil group activities. This showed that I-MINDS can be used efficaciously as a test-bed for educational research. AI plans can be developed to supply individualised and adaptative linguistic communication acquisition and vocabulary tutoring. In Personalization of Reading Passages Improves Vocabulary Acquisition by Heilman, Collins-Thompson, Callan, A ; Eskenazi, the REAP tutoring system, which provides English as a Second Language vocabulary pattern, was examined. Harmonizing to the writers, â€Å" REAP can automatically personalise direction by supplying pattern readings about subjects that match involvements every bit good as domain-based, cognitive aims † ( Heilman, Collins-Thompson, Callan, A ; Eskenazi, 2010 ) . The writers pointed out that most old research on motive in intelligent tutoring environments has focused on increasing extrinsic motive. The writers focused their survey on increasing personal involvement. The pupils in the survey were indiscriminately split into control and intervention groups. The control status coach selected texts to maximise domain-based ends. The tre atment-condition coach besides preferred texts that matched personal involvements. The consequences show positive effects of personalization. In add-on, the importance of negociating between motivational and domain-based ends was demonstrated ( Heilman et al. , 2010 ) . Gunter, G. ( 2007 ) . The effects of the impact of instructional. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 2 ( 3 ) , 195-201. Heilman, M. , Collins-Thompson, K. , Callan, J. , A ; Eskenazi, M. ( 2010 ) . Personalization of reading transitions improves vocabulary. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 20, 73-98. LaRose, R. , A ; Whitten, P. ( 2000 ) . Re-thinking instructional immediateness for web classs: A societal cognitive geographic expedition. Communication Education, 49 ( 4 ) , 320-338. McCarthy, J. ( 2007, November ) . What is Artificial Intelligence? Retrieved February 14, 2011, from Basic Questions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html Soh, L. , Khandaker, N. , A ; Jiang, H. ( 2008 ) . I-MINDS: a multiagent system for intelligent computer-supported collaborative acquisition and schoolroom direction. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 18 ( 2 ) . Young, S. ( 2006 ) . Student positions of effectual online instruction in higher. The American Journal of Distance Education, 20 ( 2 ) . How to cite An Investigation into using Artificial Intelligence in Education, Essay examples

Government Business Relationship in Australia

Question: Discuss about theGovernment Business Relationship in Australia. Answer: Governments across the world play acritical role in the set-up and operations of businesses. The government as the highest authority in the land affects businesses in several ways especially through policies (Afonso, Jalles, 2013). The government and its arms like the legislature make laws which regulate business practices in a given country. The most common roles of government in business today include taxation, consumer protection, employee protection, investor protection, enforcing contracts and bailouts. In general, the role of the government is to create an environment for businesses to thrive so that they can translate their returns into national economic growth (Wang., et al, 2012). The Australian government is no exception to this pattern. For a very long time, the Australian government has been working closely with the car manufacturing industry along several spheres. The fundamental role that the Australian government has been playing for years is offering financial assistance to car manufacturers as a way of empowering them to compete with established brands across the globe as well as cushioning them against fluctuating market trends. The government has been doing this, in the realization that the automotive industry is critical to the economy of the country. In 2005, the Australian government pumped in excess of $7 billion to car manufacturers in the country to boost their capacity and stimulate sustainable growth while increasing local and global competition (Cavanagh Freeman, 2012). This figure stagnated in the following year and declined in 2010, when the government offered $4.5 billion. This fluctuation was attributed to the global financial crisis of 2008/9 which paralyzed economies across the globe. The government of Australia reports that in the last ten years alone, it had allocated more than $50 billion in industry assistance (Produc tivity Commission, 2014).This means that to a larger extent, it is the people of Australia who are footing the bill. The financial assistance accorded to Australian car manufacturers takes both direct and indirect forms. Whereas direct cash injections have been dominant, the Australian government is also involved through tax incentives (Clibborn., et al, 2016). These have been gaining popularity since they are widely acceptable as more impactful and empowering than cash injections. The government through the Australian National Chamber of Commerce undertakes to give manufacturers tax deductions and export subsidies. By reducing the tax rates, companies are able to manufacture more and expand their global competitiveness. For most of the 64 car manufacturers in Australia, the tax rates have been a major hurdle especially in trying to cut down the operational costs. Thus, the government realized that in order to enable companies to increase their capacity and reach out to the global market, it was critical to review the tax rates and settle on a rate that is favorable for the companies, the governmen t as well as the manufacturing industry as a whole. The Australian government, in the same context helps car manufacturers by offering subsidies so that the prices of finished automotive can remain competitive in the local and international market. This takes the form of tariff protection so that in the end, the prices that the Australian-manufactured cars fetch the highest prices possible in the global market. One of the benefits of tariff protection is that the number of cars being imported into Australia will go down significantly. The influx of car imports will increase competition negatively and hurt the local manufacturers. Tariff protection and subsidies will continue to play an important role in shaping the destiny of the market and how its fortunes translate into national growth. In the year 2013, the Australian government under the Labor Party set aside $A5.5 billion to cover for subsidies for car manufacturers covering the period to the year 2020. A breakdown of the figure showed that Holden and Toyota Australia will receiv e a bigger percentage of the money (a combined $A 2.9 billion).This amount will among other things assist companies to invest in innovation, research and development. The involvement of the Australian government in the automotive industry also comes in the form of trade agreements and partnerships at the national or regional level. The government works with other governments in the region to forge common policies that increase trade and innovation. Considering that the automotive industry contributes about 15% in terms of GDP, the government takes a leading role in stimulating growth through signing agreements with countries across the globe so that any existing barriers are eliminated to enhance trade across the borders. The fundamental role of regional trade agreements is to open the borders and establish the export/import balance. This benefits local and international companies because most of the tariff barriers are eliminated in the process. The Free Trade Agreements Australia signed a trade pact with the government of Thailand in 2005 (Baldwin Jaimovich, 2012). This agreement involved among other provisions sought to lift import tariffs imp osed on car imports from Thailand. This, in return stimulated local manufacturing in anticipation of competition and low-cost cars made in Thailand. It is worth noting, however that the pact did not live to its billing as Thailand exported more cars to Australia than it was able to import from the same market. Did the Government Make the Right Decision to Withdraw Financial Support? The Australian government in 2013 undertook a major policy shakeup targeting the automotive industry in the country. Part of the changes included withdrawing financial support for companies and taking a more market-driven assistance. The government promised to create an enabling environment that would increase efficiency, accountability and self-regulation so that companies would become more independent (Magg, 2016).This move came as surprise for manufacturers but for most experts, this was bound to happen at some point especially after the realization that the financial injection was not contributing significantly to economic growth. This opened a long-running debate on whether the government was right to take such a move, and particularly, what was the possible implication on the economy. However, years later, it is evident that the government made the wrong move. The closure of Toyota, General Motors and Holden, the three biggest car manufacturers will have a lasting negative impact on the economy of Australia. Fundamentally, we are looking at a sector that contributes to more than 12% of the countrys GDP and provides thousands of Australians with jobs (Wanhill, 2012). Therefore, the present and looming pullout by manufacturers will push up the unemployment rate in the country. Toyota, the countrys biggest vehicle manufacturer has been part of the economic transformation in Australia and has become an integral part of the nations culture (Conley, van Acker, 2011). Therefore, the impending withdrawal means that many people will become jobless. It is estimated that more than 30,000 jobs could be lost when Toyota finally exits the Australian market. This, adding to the numbers that have been rising in the backdrop of decreased government funding means that the country might be staring at its worst unemployment crisis in decades. The estimated fi nancial cost of the withdrawal runs into billions of dollars ($2 billion) in the first year alone. Another reason why the governments decision is wrong is because the withdrawal of car manufacturers will expose the local consumers to low quality or expensive imported products. The presence of Toyota, Ford and Holden among other automotive manufacturers in Australia created a competitive environment in which companies strived to raise standards (Herald Sun, 2017). However, there is a possibility that more international companies will dump sub-standard cars in the Australian market at inflated rates. In the same context, it will take a very long period for local assembling companies to fill the gap left by the exit of giant manufacturers (Dowling, 2014). During this period, the forces of competition might have risen outside Australia and local manufacturers might find it hard to gain a foothold in the international market. This will affect the economy and the effect will be felt across all sectors that are indirectly involved such as banking institutions. The government assistance given to automotive manufacturers has been able to make a huge difference in terms of research, development and innovation. The automotive industry has been credited as the most innovation-guided industry and by such; it has contributed significantly to the scientific and technological revolution whose impact spills over to other sectors (Howes, 2013). Consequently, the looming withdrawal of renowned brands from the Australian market is a step backwards in the strides that had already been taken. This is both an economic and psychological setback that will take more years to heal. Ultimately, this can portray the Australian market as unfavorable for foreign investors. Amid the fear that has gripped the car manufacturing industry in the country; the government has consistently tried to put on a brave face, arguing that the closure of businesses means that new ones will come up. However, this assertion is not enough to calm the nerves or reverse the current situation (Sydney Morning Herald, 2015). The number of local manufacturers is high, but their capacity to fill the void is unclear. Besides, they will take long to catch up. In totality, the governments move was ill-timed and uncalled for. Whereas there was a need to decrease government injection as a way of promoting growth and self-sufficiency, the process might have been hastily taken without enough attention to the possible implications. It is inevitable that when Toyota finally pulls out of Australia, things will never be the same. References Afonso, A., Jalles, J. T. (2013). Growth and productivity: The role of government debt.International Review of Economics Finance,25, 384-407. Baldwin, R., Jaimovich, D. (2012). Are free trade agreements contagious?.Journal of international Economics,88(1), 1-16. Cavanagh, A., Freeman, S. (2012). The development of subsidiary roles in the motor vehicle manufacturing industry.International Business Review,21(4), 602-617. Clibborn, S., Lansbury, R. D., Wright, C. F. (2016). Who Killed the Australian Automotive Industry: The Employers, Government or Trade Unions?.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy. Conley, T., van Acker, E. (2011). Whatever happened to industry policy in Australia?.Australian Journal of Political Science,46(3), 503-517. Dowling, J. (2014). Why Australias car manufacturersToyota, Holden and Fordall conked out.Courier Mail,14. Herald Sun (2017) Retrieved from https://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/why-australian-car-manufacturing-died-and-what-it-means-for-our-motoring-future/news-story/0428dc235d1b44639459959f5a3bbf9b Howes, M. (2013).Politics and the Environment: Risk and the Role of Government and Industry. Routledge. Maggo, V. (2016). Toyota is Leaving Australia.Indian Journal of Applied Research,5(9). Productivity Commission. (2014). Australias automotive manufacturing industry. Sydney Morning Herald (2015) Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/who-killed-the-car-industry-20151112-gkx1c8.html Wang, C., Hong, J., Kafouros, M., Wright, M. (2012). Exploring the role of government involvement in outward FDI from emerging economies.Journal of International Business Studies,43(7), 655-676. Wanhill, S. (2012). 19 Role of government incentives.Edited by William F. Theobald, 367.